Konstruksi Hukum Tanggung Gugat Eksekusi Smart Contract Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan Dalam Praktik Transaksi Komersial Indonesia
Abstract
The autonomous execution of artificial intelligence (AI)-based smart contracts has created a legal vacuum in Indonesia regarding the attribution of liability for commercial losses resulting from algorithmic errors. The current regime under the Civil Code and the ITE Law fails to accommodate the black-box nature of AI because it still requires proof of fault through conventional means. Through a legal-normative method employing legislative and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the limitations of existing liability frameworks and proposes a legal reconstruction. Drawing on the theories of Legal Fiction, Agency, and Strict Liability, the study concludes that the Tort Liability framework (Article 1365 of the Civil Code) is no longer adequate. Therefore, this article recommends a normative expansion of Article 21 of the ITE Law by imposing strict liability on AI deployers or principals to ensure commercial legal certainty.
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