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POLICIES ON INDONESIAN IDENTITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: STUDENT

AWARENESS OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Mechelle Juana Chandra

, Dea Fatmawati

, Evita Fairuza Salsabila

, Moh. Ayub

Alchabib

dan Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

Fakultas Vokasi, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

Jl. Mayjen. Jalan Prof. Dr. Moestopo Nomor 47, Surabaya - 60132 Indonesia (Kampus A)

Jl. Airlangga Nomor 4-6 Surabaya - 60285 Indonesia (Kampus B)

Jl. Mulyorejo Surabaya - 60115, Indonesia (Kampus C)

Email: mechelle.juana[email protected]

Email: [email protected]; evita.fairuza.salsabila-

[email protected]; [email protected]

Email: [email protected].id

ABSTRACT

Indonesia is full of diversity. Therefore, it is necessary to inculcate the value of tolerance considering

that the social conditions of the multicultural society have the impact of discriminatory actions, one

of which is gender discrimination. This study aims to determine the condition of students' awareness

of gender discrimination in the digital era and what actions are appropriate to respond to this level of

awareness. This study uses a qualitative research method with an instrument in the form of a

questionnaire so that the results of data collection can be discussed in order to find conclusions about

answers to the questions that have been mentioned. The results showed that the average knowledge

of students about gender discrimination was not that far away and most students still found gender

discrimination in their surrounding environment but had never experienced it.

Keyword: gender discrimination; digital era; identity; awareness; nationalism.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 CC BY-SA International License

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia lives full of diversity, from that diversity into a solid unity under the auspices

of Pancasila and its motto 'Bhineka Tunggal Ika' (Suryani & Dewi, 2021). Because of the

diversity and uniqueness that Indonesia has, this makes its own identity and also becomes

an advantage that can distinguish Indonesia from other countries in the world. From there

we know that we must cultivate nationalism and civic education to maintain Indonesia's rich

biodiversity. Especially in this digital era, Indonesian people are required to have innovation

and continue to make changes so that all wealth in Indonesia is not recognized by other

countries (Nur Nazhiifah & Dewi, 2021). And for that, it is necessary to inculcate the value

of tolerance given the abundance of wealth and diversity that Indonesia has, the social

conditions of a multicultural society have an impact where people often experience

discriminatory actions (Hasibuan, 2021).

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Discrimination is an act that is done against a person or group of people differently.

Discrimination initially arose because of differences between humans based on ignorance

and indifference to other groups that could trigger prejudice and stigma (Pramesty, 2021).

And discrimination can be related to gender. Gender is not something that is standard and

does not apply universally, or in other words the conception of gender between one society

and another is different (Ahmad & Yunita, 2019). Gender is not a temporary condition but a

predetermined trait and has a continuous process (Aprilianti et al., 2021).

Gender discrimination often occurs in women because there are many perceptions that

women are weak. In terms of history and tradition, men are positioned as heirs, successors

of the family name, and the holder of the highest power in their families, while women are

positioned as complements (Saputri et al., 2021). Women experience higher levels of gender-

based discrimination, mainly because women are part of a dominant patriarchal system, and

are found to be dominant in society, namely men, who have emotional ties to local

government and are of productive age, socially influential and have an intermediate role

economic status (Yaneri & Deswanti, 2021). In addition, men have strong, tough,

courageous, and assertive characteristics (Setyawan, 2020). This view makes men

sometimes act arbitrarily. Violence, harassment, humiliation in the form of harsh and

inappropriate words are often experienced by women. For example, a woman who was

treated unpleasantly during her time as a journalist, namely finding temptations through

messages in the application at the time of writing after conducting interviews with sources,

sexist jokes uttered during get-togethers in the office environment by male superiors. and

colleagues, even the physical touch experienced by female journalists when following

resource persons to an event (Pratiwi et al., 2021). This case may never end because victims

feel ashamed to report what happened to the authorities because the public has the perception

that it is a disgrace (Putri & Suyanto, 2021).

There is a gender ideology that places the roles of men and women differently based

on an understanding of the biological and physiological differences between men and

women in determining their roles (Sarina & Ahmad, 2021). However, this difference should

not be used as an excuse to give different treatment between the two. The unfair division of

roles and tasks in everyday life is also one of the causes of gender discrimination. Just as

there are women who have to earn a living to meet the necessities of life because their

husbands do not work or are called unemployed and this can happen to women both

physically and psychologically (Widarwati et al., 2021). Indeed, women also have the right

to be able to do jobs that are usually done by men, but if there is too much emphasis on

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women's abilities, then there is no gender equality in these habits. Because it has the potential

to trigger family conflict because the husband is too used to being unemployed so he doesn't

want to help his wife in doing household chores (Ningrum & Mas'udah, 2021). Even in

patriarchal social structures, women are tied to gendered emotional production roles, which

are responsible for providing emotional care for men and men, and providing sexual

satisfaction for men (Agustina et al., 2021). However, to take care of something related to

children, both men and women have to take on a role because actually men can do that too

(Marpaung, 2020).

The role of women in employment is still low and there are gaps in the world of work

which can have an impact on the emergence of barriers to economic development due to

educational discrimination against women (Amory, 2019). The stigma that men are tasked

with earning a living and women taking care of the house is one of the reasons why many

women choose not to work (Sari, 2021). And also in the world of politics, it can be seen that

the participation of women in political parties does not really see the power of women to

organize a government because they are used as a winning strategy solely to win the

sympathy of the people. voters or take advantage of women's popularity as a target for voting

(Elizabeth, 2021). This patriarchal view permeates the cultural elements, where people still

believe in the sole control by men in various fields, resulting in inequality of access and

opportunities for women to advance in these fields (Apriliandra & Krisnani, 2021). And in

determining inheritance, it seems only in customary areas that apply the principle of gender

equality, such as Minangkabau. This is because Minangkabau customary law adheres to a

matrilineal kinship system, so that if the inheritance is high it will belong to both parties,

both men and women (Angela et al., 2021). Not only in real life, in fiction they also depict

that women are weak. In terms of the language used in the film "Athirah" it uses language

that is more directed towards helplessness compared to men who tend to use and also

prioritize logic in pronouncing a sentence. This means that the gender discrimination referred

to here is not only in the treatment of men against women but also the language used (Salbiah

& Sumardi, 2021).

When viewed from the realm of state universities based on the journal "Gender and

Higher Education: Studies on Campus Urgency with a Gender Perspective" written by Ika

Arina Indriany, M. Dian Hikmawan, Wahyu Kartiko Utami, there are cases of gender

relations experiencing inequality in college (Indriyany et al., 2021). In fact, gender

discrimination is also mentioned in terms of whether or not a person deserves an education

in a particular field. This natural sciences student said that women were underrepresented in

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the field of STEM natural sciences from the gender inequality assumption that girls were not

suitable for subjects that required problem solving (Akbar et al., 2021). In fact, women have

the right to access education that prepares them for future jobs, and are ready to participate

in the Industrial Revolution 4.0.

If this continues, it will worsen the image of women. The role of the government and

the private sector is very important to reduce gender inequality that occurs in Indonesia

(Larasati & Ayu, 2020). So, to improve the condition of women, the Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) provides an

obligation for the state to be carried out by improving all laws, policies and also taking the

necessary steps (Saguni, 2020). Also all citizens without exception receive recognition of

equal rights as regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia article 27

paragraph 1 (Ramadhani, 2020). And also there is a Law Number 23 of 2004 has been passed

concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence (Larasati & Ayu, 2020).

Previously, there were research findings with topics that were most similar to this

research among the references that researchers used, namely research from an article entitled

"Awareness Levels of Students of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University

Against Gender Equality" by Akbar, Nurfadlia, & Hasanah in 2021. This study examines the

level of public awareness of gender equality. However, this study only aims to determine the

level of awareness of students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,

Hasanuddin University towards gender equality. And the scope of the research problem on

the challenges of achieving gender equality only reaches the STEM world. From these

limitations, it can be seen that the research in this article is still narrow in scope and object

of study, so that there has been no study on the level of public awareness of gender

discrimination and actions to respond to this level of awareness.

Therefore, the purpose of this research activity is (1) to find out the condition of

students' awareness of gender discrimination in the digital era (2) what actions are

appropriate to respond to this level of awareness. The benefits of this activity are also to

increase education and awareness of the importance of knowledge about gender

discrimination to the community and invite the community to take such actions as supporters

to fight gender discrimination. As an example of the actions that have been taken, America

has provided political opportunities for the women's movement in Bali in the form of

financial support in socialization, education, and assistance in cases of violence against

women (Wiranata, 2021). This study wants to find answers to the question "What is the level

of public awareness in the digital era towards gender discrimination and what are the

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appropriate actions to restore awareness of gender discrimination based on that level of

awareness in the digital era?".

METHOD

The method in this study uses qualitative research with an instrument in the form of a

questionnaire to discuss the results of data collection in order to find conclusions about the

answers to the questions that have been mentioned. The researcher will make a questionnaire

using Google Form which contains the questions (1) Since what age did you know about

gender discrimination? (2) Have you been a victim of gender discrimination? (3) How much

do you know about gender discrimination? (4) How often do you find a gender

discrimination at your place these day? (5) What is your experience as a victim of gender

discrimination? Then the questionnaire will be distributed to the researcher's social media

and the questionnaire will be open for 2 weeks. Because the questionnaire made is digital,

so the questionnaire can be filled out anytime and anywhere through the respondent's device.

The hypothesis of this study is that the majority of students in the digital era already know

things about gender discrimination.

The sample used in this research is active students from various universities or any

institution in Indonesia as a community group that has adapted to the digital world with a

total sample of 45 people. The keyword search has been adjusted with the subject title of

gender discrimination to search for articles to support introduction and discussion with the

search terms “gender discrimination”, “nationalism”, “awareness”, “digital era” and

“identity”. Keyword search information can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Keywords

Gender

Discrimination

Nationalism

Awareness

Digital Era

Identity

Gender Equality

Citizenship

Consciousness

Millennial

Generation

Recognition

The data collection technique in this study used a Google Form that had been

distributed by the researcher. The use of Google Forms is one form of utilizing advanced

technology that already exists today. In addition, by using this Google Form it will be easier

and faster to get the information we want to get.

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The data analysis technique in this study will be carried out similar to a literature

review, but the difference is that the researcher will analyze the data by reviewing all the

answers from respondents to several questions in the questionnaire. For example, researchers

will analyze what happens to themselves and others who experience gender discrimination

and the opinions they give.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Based on the respondent's data that has been collected through Google Form, the

researcher got 45 respondents. After the researchers summarized the data results, the total

frequency of people who have known gender discrimination from the age of 12-16 years is

34 people and people who have known gender discrimination from the age of 17-21 years is

11.

Tabel 2. Respondent’s Age

Respondent’s Age

Frequency

12-16 Years old

17-21 Years Old

Total

The researcher has also made several other questions to find out how far these students

have committed and know about gender discrimination. There are several summary results

that have been opened by researchers. First, most students have never been victims of gender

discrimination with a percentage of 82.2%. Second, students' knowledge about gender

discrimination is between knowing good and enough with a ratio of 44.4% and 35.6%. Third,

more than 45 students finally found gender discrimination with a percentage of 51.1%.

Tabel 3. Questions to Respondents

Question

Answer

Percentage

Total Respondents

Have you ever been

a victim of gender

discrimination?

Yes

17,8%

8 out of 45

82,2%

37 out of 45

How much do you

know about gender

discrimination?

Knows it very well

4,4%

2 out of 45

Knows it pretty well

35,6%

16 out of 45

Knows it well

44,4%

20 out of 45

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Not knows it enough

15,6%

7 out of 45

Don’t know it

0 out of 45

How often do you

find a gender

discrimination at

your place these

day?

Usually happen

4,4%

2 out of 45

Generally happeni

11,1%

5 out of 45

Often happen

20%

9 out of 45

Sometimes happen

51,1%

23 out of 45

Never happen

13,4%

6 out of 45

After doing the research, there are advantages and disadvantages of this research. The

advantage of this research is that this research can get to know the respondents more deeply

because the researchers also provide a platform for sharing their hearts with those who have

experienced gender discrimination so that researchers can find out more about what gender

discrimination is known to students. The disadvantage of this research is that the number of

samples is very small so that the accuracy of the students' awareness of gender discrimination

is not yet fully accurate.

It was explained from the results of the study, that the majority of students heard of

gender discrimination for the first time at the age of 12-16 years, namely the age of the

children when they were in elementary school and junior high school. This is quite good

because gender discrimination needs to be introduced early. Those who know about gender

discrimination from an early age, it turns out that the majority have indeed been victims of

gender discrimination and sometimes find incidents of gender discrimination in their

environment. This is supported by students who know about gender discrimination at the

age of 17-21 years, but none of them have ever been victims of gender discrimination.

Researchers get several short stories from respondents who have been victims of

gender discrimination. From the stories obtained, it turns out that the gender discrimination

experienced by respondents is in the form of a stigma that makes respondents unable to do

or get what they want. The gender discrimination experienced by male respondents is that

he wants to cook with the women in just to help but is not allowed because he is a man. The

gender discrimination experienced by the first female respondent was being demoted to class

president because she was a girl and was still a child. The gender discrimination experienced

by the second female respondent was that she was almost able to continue her studies abroad

but was not allowed by her parents because she was a woman. Then there are those who

claim to have never been victims of gender discrimination but share their hearts and

knowledge about gender discrimination. One of the outpourings of the male respondent

complained that his girlfriend did not want to admit his mistake and had to apologize first,

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even though the male respondent was innocent and the one who was at fault was his

girlfriend. This shows that discrimination does not only happen to women, but also men.

Behind a dashing, strong and masculine attitude, men also have feelings of sadness or

disappointment that sometimes can only be kept for them. Women usually act as they please

without knowing how they feel or what men have been through. The courage and strength

of a man is sometimes misunderstood. Here the point is that when doing tough work or

solving a big problem is usually passed on to a man, even though it's actually difficult for

him to solve. And this shows that there are some people who don't really understand gender

discrimination. This is also supported by research results which show that most of the

respondents' level of knowledge about gender discrimination is not too far off.

In the digital era, social media is a communication tool that is often used by everyone,

both children and parents. Especially for thousands of years that can no longer be separated

from social media. This makes everyday life for thousands of years always attached and

cannot be separated from digital devices. Much can be done quickly, effectively and

efficiently by utilizing social media such as getting the latest information, disseminating

information, photos or videos and so on (Fatmawati, 2020). The existence of social media

also does not require the possibility of gender discrimination. Because anything can be done

with social media such as commenting on one type of social media, namely Instagram, which

uses harsh words and of course it will offend someone's feelings as happened in the case of

Atta Halilintar. In this case, it was stated that Atta Halilintar did not accept what many

netizens said. Many netizens insulted and thought Atta was too much. The actions taken by

netizens are not good and are not recommended to be done. There are many impacts that will

be caused if discrimination occurs, then it is fitting for us as a young generation to be wise

in using social media. The case of women who are always underestimated does not only

occur in the digital era, but also occurs in the era of R. A. Kartini, namely in the field of

education. And R.A. Kartini is a heroine who dares to uphold education for women

(Sulistyowati, 2020). But now it's different again. Education is not limited by gender.

Everyone has the right to education. Even though now in this digital era there is no gender

limit for education, discrimination still occurs, for example when a boy who wants to be the

class president is belittled by a boy. This reduces the child's confidence to move forward and

be at the forefront of what he wants. Wherever and whenever, discrimination still occurs,

therefore there needs to be a way or effort so that gender discrimination does not occur. All

must contribute so that there is harmony without discrimination. Both in terms of education,

economy, gender or others.

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The danger or consequence that will be caused if someone experiences discrimination

is that the person who experiences discrimination will feel less confident, feel himself

useless, feel alienated and even it will be very difficult to determine what to do because if

he does that, there will definitely be someone else who dropped it. If this continues to happen

in the future, many young people will experience mental disorders. Attitudes towards mental

disorders are formed through knowledge, interactions, and stereotypes about mental

disorders. Several factors that can influence are religious beliefs and values, socioeconomic

status, age, marital status, and gender (Ririn & Ariana, 2021). So that these things do not

continue to happen, it is necessary to have the right way to deal with them.

The way that can be done is the first and most basic thing we must know everything

about discrimination such as its meaning, what are the dangers or consequences. With this

knowledge, we will not make a wrong step in deciding something and of course later it will

not harm any party. Second, after knowing it, we can educate people around us about

knowledge about gender discrimination slowly. So this will increase awareness of the

importance of tolerance. Third, we can also share it using interesting posts on social media

in the form of infographics and videos that certainly attract attention at a glance, one of

which is using the Instagram platform. Not only researchers, other people also argue that

Instagram can be used as a means to voice opinions from both women and men so that it can

be used as a space for discussion and exchange of ideas (Ariani & Sunarto, 2021). Fourth,

campaigning for gender discrimination can also be done by inviting volunteers to participate

in this campaign. In addition, we as students must also be aware of the dangers of other

forms of discrimination, so what we must do next is that we can take a role by providing

education in the form of videos that have been packaged in an attractive manner and

uploaded on various social media and also invite other students to participate and contribute.

Don't forget to use trends that are liked by the community so that they can attract young

people to see these educational videos.

Actually, gender differences as long as they do not cause injustice then this will not be

a problem. But when viewed now, these differences cause various kinds of problems

wherever they are. And wherever it is, there is dominance played by men. Therefore, there

needs to be a way to avoid gender discrimination (Rustam & Situmorang, 2020). Like the

method that has been mentioned and there is a reciprocity after the method is realized in the

sense that discrimination can gradually disappear.

The existence of behavior that indirectly causes gender discrimination is a challenge

for society, especially for students, such as unfair behavior towards women who want to

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become leaders but because gender considers women to be unable to lead, this is a big gap

between men and women. Respondents have basic knowledge about gender discrimination

which has been known previously and it is not uncommon for gender discrimination to occur

in the surrounding environment. Gender discrimination has the meaning of creating equal

conditions for women and men to get equal opportunities to be able to play a role and take

part in all fields such as development, politics, economy, social, culture, education, defense

and security (Sulistyorini & Abidin, 2019 ). The movement for equality between men and

women is a feminist movement. This movement was supported by TAP MPR Number IV of

1999 concerning the Broad Outlines of the Nation's Direction which mandated the position

and role of women. People from poor families still think that women do not deserve to be

educated as high as possible. In fact, it is better to get married immediately than men who

get preferential treatment both in terms of education and the reality of life. Sexual violence

or harassment often occurs in women, this is because women are still placed in subordinated

and marginalized positions that must be controlled, and enslaved by men. If this continues,

women will not have a good future and can indirectly lead to the decline of a country.

In today's digital era, there are many phenomena of sexual harassment through

smartphones, such as when a woman wants to look beautiful on social media but is responded

to inappropriately on social media. Maybe a small thing, but this small thing can be imitated

by young people who are good at using smartphones. Therefore, education is needed,

especially among students. Students are still in a condition where their thoughts can be

formed and are expected to have new thoughts about the importance of gender equality

through the education provided such as supporting non-gender-based leaders, respecting

women, and increasing knowledge about gender equality (Tedjo et al., 2021). When children

become adults without being given direction or control, this is known as forced maturity

(Rosyid, 2020). That's why gender discrimination can be immediately reduced. In Indonesia,

almost all social empowerment programs carried out by the government, as well as

empowerment programs initiated by civil society organizations have a lot to do with gender

issues (Indrawasih & Pradipta, 2021). Every citizen has rights and obligations towards his

country. On the other hand, the state has an obligation to protect its citizens (Suryatni, 2020).

Indonesia has a responsibility to provide full guarantees for respect, protection and

fulfillment of the human rights of every citizen. If the state here is declared to have failed in

carrying out its responsibilities, regarding the protection of human rights for its people, then

the community has the right to act (Novarin & Pattipeilohy, 2020). The Indonesian state can

develop into a developed country and has a prosperous society, because the prosperity of a

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country is also determined by its people. Gender differences are not a problem as long as

there is justice in them. Gender equality is a condition where women and men can play a

role in all areas of life without being limited by stereotypes and rigid gender roles (Sari &

Ismail, 2021).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that

(1) the average level of awareness of Indonesian students is in the middle position or in other

words Indonesian students do not really fully understand gender discrimination (2) the right

action to return to provide more awareness of gender discrimination based on this level of

awareness is to provide educational content about gender discrimination through social

media as a form of utilizing technology that has progressed in the digital era. This study has

a limited sample scope, requiring active students from any campus in Indonesia and the

sample size is limited to 45 people. So for the prospect of the next study, use a wider sample

scope and a larger number of samples for the accuracy of the condition of Indonesian

people's knowledge about gender discrimination so that further activities are more accurate.

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended for further research, researchers can continue to analyze and think

of other effective actions to make Indonesian people fully aware of gender discrimination in

the digital era for future activities, such as researching what type of content is right to attract

the attention of Indonesian people to be more aware of gender discrimination.

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