AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

210

THE IMPACT OF HOAX ON COVID-19 VACCINATION IN INDONESIA

Clarissa Evangelina Hartono

, Laura Tresia

, Veronica Augie Nathania

, dan Moses

Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

3, 4

Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya

*Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The world is currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic and it has become easy to spread hoaxes on

the internet. However, there are no papers that talk about its impact on COVID-19 vaccination. This

study aims to investigate the impact of the spread of false news on the COVID-19 vaccination in

Indonesia. An online survey with 396 respondents was done to investigate the frequency of COVID-

19 vaccination news encounter and the trust towards the news. 17 of the respondents were then

invited to an interview. The findings showed that 43.7% of the respondents are almost always

exposed to news about COVID-19 vaccination and 28.7% almost always believed it. These news

have created concerns, misunderstandings and noise, delaying COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia.

It is recommended to prepare more in-depth questions to be asked to respondents and conduct a

longer survey. This study needs more respondents to have more validated generalization.

Keywords: hoax, internet, COVID-19, vaccination

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 CC BY-SA International License.

INTRODUCTION

Internet

The development of digital technology has increased rapidly and has become more

sophisticated over the last decade, especially since the advent of the internet. The internet is

changing human life significantly and can have a significant impact on cultural values. Since

its inception, the Internet has been researched and developed by professionals and

technology watchers, making it increasingly attractive to users (Hakam et al., 2020). Based

on data from the Ministry of Communications and Information of the Republic of Indonesia,

Indonesia's internet users will increase by 11% year-on-year from 175.4 million to 202.6

million in 2021. Indonesia is one of the 10 largest internet users in the world (Kominfo RI,

2021).

From the early of 2020 to the second quarter, internet users reached 196.7 million, or

73.7% of the population (Jatmiko, 2020). According to Hootsuite We Are Social's findings,

as of January, 209 Indonesian social media users accounted for 150 million, or 56% of the

total population. Media users' social gadgets have reached 130 million, or about 48% of the

population (Databox, 2019).

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

211

The rapid development of technology today is of great interest to the community. As

a result, the development of this technology has made it easier for the general public to access

information and news disseminated through online media. Not only is this done through

commonly known news sites, but ongoing advances have given us the freedom to search for

the latest news and surrounding information. Especially in the current pandemic era, there

are always good news and bad cases (Handayani et al., 2021).

The existence of the Internet as a result of the development of digital technology and

also as a new communication medium, not only makes it easier for us to build relationships

and interact socially, but also reduces our interactions with others directly (Permana &

Abdullah, 2020). Moreover, with the recorded number of internet usage which has

skyrocketed, the impact is that it creates new problems that previously rarely occurred, such

as fraud. This fraud leads to many things, direct fraud that we usually encounter and large-

scale fraud through unverified news (Trustyanda et al., 2021).

Especially during a pandemic like this, a lot of fake news is being spread in any news

media, especially about health. With low public literacy, the spread of fake news is very

detrimental to some people, because people are confused with news that is inversely

proportional to the situation (Nugroho et al., 2021).

COVID-19 Pandemic

The world is currently facing a COVID-19 pandemic. There are hundreds of viruses

that belong to the coronavirus family. Coronavirus is a positive single-stranded large RNA

virus with an envelope that infects not only humans but also many animals. SARSCoV2

seems to have transitioned from animals to humans at the South China seafood market in

Wuhan, China (Lone et al., 2020).

Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2),

which appears clinically primarily in the respiratory system (COVID-19), has shown very

high infection rates in different parts of the world, so the WHO will eventually have

determined the status of this infection. As a pandemic, this even urged some countries to

implement blockade policies to prevent widespread and large-scale spread of the virus (Lone

et al., 2020). As the virus began to spread in Indonesia in February 2020, the WHO pointed

out that the government had to take proactive measures such as restricting regional

movements and compulsory teleworking (WFH). People around the world live and work at

home (Harahap et al., 2020).

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

212

The COVID-19 epidemic case illustrates the significant impact of this new information

environment. The dissemination of information can have a significant impact on people's

behavior and change the effectiveness of government measures. In this regard, virus spread

prediction models are beginning to take into account the behavioral response of the

population to public health interventions and the dynamics of communication behind content

consumption (Lone et al., 2020).

In Indonesia, more than 5,000 people were confirmed to be COVID-19 positive in

early April 2020. The Indonesian government is currently working hard to reduce the

number and mortality of this infection every day. One of the efforts underway is the

implementation of a Large Social Restriction (PSBB) policy. One form of implementation

of this policy is the use of physical distance (Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia,

2020). The contextual implications of the physical distance policy in the field can take the

form of an appeal to work/study/worship at home. Due to these movement restrictions and

the introduction of telecommuting, the number of internet users is increasing.

Vaccination

We hope that the long-term solution to the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID19)

pandemic will be a globally safe and secure vaccination program that offers a wide range of

clinical and socio-economic benefits. Dozens of vaccines are under development, eight of

which are currently in Phase 1 trials. (DeRoo et al., 2020).

However, the mere availability of vaccines is not sufficient to guarantee

comprehensive immunological protection. The vaccine must be acceptable to the health

community and the general public. Depending on various biological, environmental and

social behavioral factors, the COVID19 herd immunity threshold can be between 55% and

82% of the population. (DeRoo et al., 2020).

COVID-19 vaccine development began in several research centers and pharmaceutical

companies as soon as SARSCoV2 was identified as the pathogen and the first genomic

sequence was released. On March 16, 2020, the first candidate for the COVID-19 vaccine,

an mRNA-based vaccine developed by Moderna Inc., participated in a Phase 1 clinical trial

in the United States and China (ChiCTR2000030906). Other vaccine candidates have been

developed, including DNA-based vaccines, inactivated, live attenuated, subunits, and

replicative viral vector-based vaccines. (Harapan et al., 2020).

The implementation of COVID-19 vaccination is a government priority for the

restoration of national health and the achievement of national goals, as seen in the fourth

paragraph of the preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945, it fully

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

213

protected the Indonesian people and all those who shed Indonesia, promoted the public

interest, educated the people, and participated in the realization of a world order based on

freedom, eternal peace and social justice (Masnun et al., 2021).

To ensure that the vaccination can be taken by Indonesian citizens, Edward Hiariej,

Deputy Minister of Justice and Human Rights (HAM), said anyone who refused to receive

the COVID-19 vaccination could be sentenced to up to one year in prison (Ramadhan, 2021).

Hoax

The social media platform can provide instant access to an unprecedented amount of

content, amplify suspicious rumors, information and spread hoaxes. Taking into account user

preferences and settings, the algorithm conveys and promotes the promotion of content and

thus the dissemination of information. This departure from the traditional news paradigm

has had a major impact on social cognition and the construction of narrative frameworks. It

influences the development of political decision-making, political communication, and

public debate, especially on controversial issues. Online users tend to get information

according to their worldview, ignore dissenting opinions, and form polarized groups around

the general story. In addition, false information can easily increase with high polarization.

Some studies have shown that fake news and inaccurate information can spread faster and

more than factual news (Cinelli et al., 2020). This so-called inaccurate information is well

known as "hoaxes".

Hoax is information that is not true or invalid and is part of the information that cannot

be proven to be true. Hoax means deceptive, unhonest, false, or lying words that are

misleading or merely for the purpose of joking (Juditha, 2019). In other words, clever and

fraudulent cases are also known as hoaxes.

With current technological developments, spreading hoax messages is very easy via

social media: the internet via articles, WhatsApp, Instagram, Line and Facebook. In

Indonesia, many citizens are active social media users, and the increase in internet users can

have an impact as a place to disseminate information and news that is not always true. On

social media, people can interact with so many people that each individual or community

still has a lot of people who are slightly different and are not critical or cautious in

communicating information. And there are still many people who are not very careful when

dealing with information and are not critical (Putri et al., 2020).

In addition, you can't limit the sending of messages, and everyone can access them

quickly. According to a survey, about 17% of respondents receive fake news every day. They

also get news from various social media sources distributed through official recognition

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

214

(Rahayu & Sensusiyati, 2020). As a source of printed and electronic forms, the media plays

an important role in shaping the public perception and response to COVID-19. Today's fast-

growing social media makes it easy for people to establish communication and access

information anytime, anywhere (Mardika & Wulandari, 2021).

According to the KIC survey, at least 30% to nearly 60% of Indonesians are exposed

to false reports when accessing and communicating through cyberspace. Currently, only 21-

36% can recognize false reports (Cahyadi, 2020). The rise in fake news in Indonesia is driven

by a crisis of confidence in the mainstream media that the general public is throwing at fake

media. According to Yosp Adi Prasetyo, chairman of the press council, hoaxes are the effect

of changing the functioning of social media from friendship media, expressing political

opinions, and exchanging means of commenting on the opinions of others.

METHOD

Research Participants

Participants amounted to 396 respondents ranging from high school students, college

students, and working adults were involved in non-proportional stratified random sampling.

The inclusive criteria include: (1) uses the internet on a daily basis, (2) aware of the current

Indonesian COVID-19 vaccination program, (3) willing to participate as proven by informed

consent.

Data Collection

This study used a quantitative research method using research or survey tools, an

approach to literature research through a variety of available data and information sources.

The research targets are the internet users that use the internet daily. After collecting data

and sources of information, the researchers reviewed the data and information by

determining the research subject. The research subject is the result of a framework regarding

where the data or research variables are found or where the object of research can be found.

The results of the survey that have been obtained will be continued by presenting the

data in tabular form in order to show precise results and easier to analyze. This data

processing activity will be made by comparing the presentation results on the poll and the

respondents who participated in the questionnaire.

After finishing the survey, an interview was conducted with 17 of the respondents of

the survey to further find out the impact of the hoaxes to their decision in taking the COVID-

19 vaccination. The saturation of the qualitative interview was fulfilled. The results of the

interview are then encoded and analyzed to comprehend the reason why the spread of hoax

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

215

can impact the COVID-19 vaccination. The results are then presented in the form of a map

that shows the reason why the spread of hoaxes can impact the COVID-19 vaccination.

This study also used a descriptive qualitative approach. The data source has been

published online over the last three years and has been obtained from a trusted literature

search. For example, hoaxes, COVID-19 pandemics, use of social media, the effects of the

internet and hoax epidemics, the worries of vaccination.

Data Analysis

Several steps are used to analyze the data (Sidiq U, 2019). There are three types of

these steps: 1) Data reduction. At this stage, the data obtained is very extensive and needs to

be investigated in more detail in order to obtain the points or most importantly relevant to

the purpose of the research being carried out. 2) Disclosure of data. In qualitative research,

data can be published by providing narration and data presentations so that readers can

understand the content of the research being conducted. 3) Withdrawal/review of

conclusions. At this stage, the researcher can create a summary of the answers to the

question.

Study Design

The first step is to determine the formulation of the problem that will be investigated.

Regarding this research, a question would like to be addressed, which is why does the spread

of hoax impact the COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia. After determining the problem

formulation, data is collected in two methods. The first method was by distributing an online

questionnaire that acts as a survey to investigate the exposure of the respondents to the news

regarding the COVID-19 vaccination and their trust towards the news even after knowing

those news differ from the general perception. The second method was by interviewing the

community directly to collect more accurate and profound data. After all the data was

collected, an analysis was conducted using qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques.

Then, conclusions are created based on the results of the data analysis done earlier.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Participant Demographics

Table 1. Demographics Data of Research Participants

Category

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Almost Always

114

28.7

Most News Sources, Not

Certain Sources

127

32.1

Certain Sources, Not Most

News Sources

22.0

Almost Never

17.2

Total

396

100

The data obtained was converted into a table, namely table 2, which shows the 396

respondents who use the internet on a daily basis. From 396 respondents, 114 respondents

almost always believe the news about COVID-19 vaccination (28.7%), 127 of the

respondents believe most news sources, but not certain sources (32.1%), 87 of the

respondents believe certain sources, but not most news sources (22.0%), and 68 of the

respondents almost never believe the news about COVID-19 vaccination (17.2%).

Trust is an intrinsic and potentially controlling component of successful uptake of the

COVID-19 vaccine. Findings suggest that public trust in government is very low with regard

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

218

to vaccine acceptance and may contribute to public adherence to definite measures (Astuti

et al., 2021). This could possibly be caused by the spread of misinformation and hoaxes.

Study done by Mukhi and Medise (2021) shows that health workers experience

problems in persuading parents to complete vaccination, namely parental fear of visiting

facilities, difficulty in contacting parents, and anti-vaccine rumors or hoaxes about COVID-

19. This has certainly put a great stress on Indonesia's current most crucial target, which is

the COVID-19 vaccination of all Indonesian citizens.

The data obtained from the interview that has been conducted was analyzed, coded,

and converted into the plot below.

Figure 1. Interview Results

According to the interviewee, the COVID-19 vaccination news that they have been

exposed to includes news about the ineffectiveness of vaccination, the permissibility of the

vaccine which is not allowed to be consumed by the muslims, and the dangerous side effects

the vaccine possesses. These news have caused them to distrust the vaccine and to be worried

about the vaccination, some of the interviewees even believed that they could stay healthy

without the need of vaccination. These news have caused them to be unwilling to be

vaccinated.

The spread of hoax messages affects the community. These hoax messages create

worries, misunderstandings, and noise, and the effects they cause are negative because many

people are harmed by the messages and ridiculous to those who consume them. Hoaxes are

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

219

also a way to distract the problem, divide the masses, and cheat. The spread of hoaxes is

mainly done by irresponsible people who know that the news is a lie and deliberately spread

fake news in order to attract attention and guide public opinion.

Hoaxes also seem to have a significant impact on older people who are feeling the

threat of COVID-19. There is a lot of news that is not yet known to young people and

millennials, as well as the unpleasant elderly. In this study, search results show that adults

and the elderly are the ones who actually experience anger and are afraid of the most

confusing news, but adults have a better understanding of health and other aspects (Rayani,

Purqoti, 2020).

In this regard, people are afraid to get vaccinated and even refuse. According to an

online survey data done by Putri et al. (2021), with 399 respondents, 81.2% of them are

willing to be vaccinated, while the other 48.1% have anxiety about vaccination because of

the many hoaxes that exist. Some of the hoaxes that spread have to inject the vaccine into

the male penis, the COVID-19 vaccine is genetically modified, dead, destroys indigenous

people, and contains Vero cells from green monkeys in Africa. Only Indonesia ordered the

COVID-19 vaccine (Wicaksono, 2021). Hoaxes cause mental illness in the community

during a pandemic. The problematic situation, combined with inadequate reporting and

information literacy, has created new barriers to mitigate the effects of outbreaks during a

pandemic (Kurniawan et al., 2020).

The lack of public understanding of vaccination is one of the issues that the Indonesian

Ministry of Health must address as it is one of the factors as to why the Indonesian

community can easily accept hoaxes related to the vaccination (Susilo, Putranto and

Navarro, 2021). Take the example in the city of Depok, it is known that the final result after

a research was carried out was the amount of people who had received the 1st and 2nd

vaccinations in the city of Depok starting from January 14, 2021 to August 21, 2021,

amounted to only 613,275 out of the population of 1,886,890 (Nalawati & Liliana, 2021).

Apart from all our anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic, there are some simple

things that we can apply to take care of ourselves, namely by paying attention to our

nutritional balance, so that our immune defenses are maintained, and always applying health

protocols. Even though official information has been given regarding simple ways to prevent

COVID-19, there is still disinformation circulating about prevention which can actually

increase the number of COVID-19 cases (Rachmah et al., 2021).

Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation present major barriers to achieving community

coverage and immunity. Unless and until the origins of the wide variations in willingness to

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

220

receive a COVID-19 vaccine are better understood and addressed, differences in vaccine

coverage between countries could potentially delay global control of the pandemic and

subsequent social and economic recovery (Généreux et al. 2020). The events above should

not have happened, or at least not that bad, if the community had a good literacy culture,

especially COVID-19 literacy (Harisanty et al. 2020).

CONCLUSION

After the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, internet and social media users in Indonesia

have increased significantly. In addition, with current technological developments,

spreading news is not a difficult task as it could be easily distributed through social media.

During the pandemic, many of those news are related to COVID-19 and as many internet

users grow, many of the citizens are exposed to those news, including the fake news or

hoaxes. Some people almost always believe in those news, including the news that could

have been fake. These fake news or hoaxes caused people to doubt the effectiveness of

COVID-19 vaccine. Some are also misinformed about the side effects of the vaccine. These

cases have caused few people to refuse to be vaccinated. This shows that the distribution of

hoax impacts heavily on the COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia because it has made few

people to be worried and develop trust issues towards the vaccination, to not believe in the

effectiveness of the vaccination, and to doubt the permissibility of the vaccine, leading them

to not wanting to be vaccinated, thus delaying COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia.

RECOMMENDATION

For further research, it is recommended to prepare clearer and more in-depth questions

to be asked to respondents, not forgetting to conduct a longer survey so that more data from

various aspects can be obtained. The participants of the interview must also represent every

strata investigated in the study. This study needs more respondents to have a more validated

generalization.

REFERENCES

Astuti, N. P., Nugroho, E. G. Z., Lattu, J. C., Potempu, I. R., Swandana, D. A. (2021).

Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Penerimaan Vaksinasi COVID-19: Literature Review.

Jurnal Keperawatan. 13 (3):569-580.

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

221

Cahyadi, I. (2020). Survei KIC: Hampir 60% Orang Indonesia Terpapar Hoax Saat

Mengakses Internet. URL: https://www.beritasatu.com/digital/700917/survei-kic-

hampir-60-orang-indonesia-terpapar-hoax-saat-mengakses-internet. Accessed on

November 15th, 2021.

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A. (2020). The COVID-19 Social Media

Infodemic. Sci Rep 10, 16598. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5

Databoks.katadata.co.id. (2019). Berapa Pengguna Media Sosial Indonesia. URL:

http://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2019/02/08/berapa–pengguna-media-

sosial-indonesia. Accessed on November 15th, 2021.

DeRoo, S. S., Pudalov, N. J., Fu, L. Y. (2020). Planning for a COVID-19 vaccination

program. Jama. 323(24): 2458-2459.

Dewayani, A., Dwilda, E., Prastio, R. P., et al. (2021). Maximizing Millennial Students Role

in Combating COVID-19 Hoaxes and Myths. Biomolecular and Health Science

Journal. 4 (1):42-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v4i1.26910

Généreux, M., Marc, D. D., O’Sullivan, T., Carignan, M. E., et al. (2020). Communication

Strategies and Media Discourses in the Age of COVID-19: An Urgent Need for

Action. Health Promotion International. 36(4):1178-1185.

https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa136.

Hakam, M. T., Leviani, Y., Utama, M. R. (2020). Potensi Adiksi Penggunaan Internet pada

Remaja Indonesia di Periode Awal Pandemi Covid 19. Hang Tuah Medical Journal.

17 (2):102-115.

Handayani, N., Amir, J., Juanda (2021) Kasus Hoaks Pandemi Covid-19: Suatu Tinjauan

Linguistik Forensik. Fon : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia.

17(02):170-171.

Harahap, M. A., Adeni, S. (2020). Tren Penggunaan Media Sosial Selama Pandemi di

Indonesia. Jurnal Professional FIS UNIVED. 7 (2):13-23.

Harapan, H., Wagner, A. L., Yufika, A., Winardi, W., Anwar, S., Gan, A. K., Setiawan, A.

M., Rajamoorthy, Y., Sofyan, H., & Mudatsir, M. (2020). Acceptance of a COVID-19

Vaccine in Southeast Asia: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia. Frontiers in public

health, 8, 381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00381

Harisanty, et al. (2021). Socialization Of Digital Literacy Education To Anticipate Hoax

News. Darmabakti Cendekia: Journal of Community Service and Engagements. 01

(2021): 33-37.

Hootsuite. (2020). We Are Social. Indonesian Digital Report 2020.

Jatmiko, L D. (2020). APJII: 196,7 Juta Warga Indonesia Sudah Melek Internet. URL:

https://m.bisnis.com/amp/read/20201110/101/1315765/apjii-1967-jutawarga-

indonesia-sudah-melekinternet. Accessed on November 15th, 2021.

Juditha, C. (2019). Literasi Informasi Melawan Hoaks Bidang Kesehatan di Komunitas

Online. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi. 16 (1):77-90.

Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia (Kominfo RI). 2021.

Warganet Meningkat, Indonesia Perlu Tingkatkan Nilai Budaya di Internet. URL:

https://aptika.kominfo.go.id/2021/09/warganet-meningkat-indonesia-perlu-

tingkatkan-nilai-budaya-di-internet. Accessed on November 15th, 2021.

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

222

Kurniawan, D., Sutan, A. J. (2021). Penggunaan Sosial Media Dalam Menyebarkan Program

Vaksinasi Covid-19 Di Indonesia. Jurnal Kebijakan Publik. 12(1): 32.

Kurniawan, N. A., Putri, S. N. J., & Aiman, U. (2020). Pemasyarakatan Vaksin Digital

Sebagai Standar Kesehatan Mental Masyarakat Di Era Pandemi Covid-19. Pertemuan

dan Presentasi Ilmiah Standardisasi. 01, 51–58.

https://doi.org/10.31153/ppis.2020.46

Lone, S. A., Ahmad, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic–an African perspective. Emerging

microbes & infections. 9(1):1300-1308.

Mardika, I. P., Wulandari, N. P. A. D. (2021). Peran Media Sosial Dalam Pemberitaan Hoax

Pasca Covid 19. 1(2):153-155.

Masnun, M. A., Sulistyowati, E., & Ronaboy, I. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Atas Vaksin

Covid-19 Dan Tanggung Jawab Negara Pemenuhan Vaksin Dalam Mewujudkan

Negara Kesejahteraan. DiH: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 17(1).

Mukhi, S. Medise, B. E. (2021). Faktor yang Memengaruhi Penurunan Cakupan Imunisasi

pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Jakarta. Sari Pediatri. 22(6):336-342.

Nalawati , R. E., Liliana, D. Y. (2021) . Visualisasi Data Program Vaksinasi Covid-19 di

Kota Depok dengan Big Data Analytics. Jurnal Media Informatika Budidarma.

5(4):1574-1576.

Nugroho, A., Bakti, C. A., Murti, P. D. B., Belaon, M., Y. (2021). Edukasi Bahaya Berita

Hoax di Masa Pandemi pada Wali Siswa PAUD RUSA. Jurnal Pengabdian

Masyarakat. 2(1):65-66

Permana, R. S. M., Abdullah. A. (2020). Surat Kabar Dan Perkembangan Teknologi: Sebuah

Tinjauan Komunikatif. Jurnal Ilmu Politik dan Komunikasi. 1(X):1-2.

Putri, K.E., Wiranti, K., Ziliwu, Y. S., Elvita, M., Frare, D. Y., Purdani, R. S., Niman, S.

(2021). Kecemasan Masyarakat akan Vaksinasi COVID-19. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa

(JKJ). 9(3):539-548.

Putri, N. F., Vionia, E., Michael, T. (2020). Pentingnya Kesadaran Hukum dan Peran

Masyarakat Indonesia Menghadapi Penyebaran Berita Hoax COVID-19. Media

Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum. 11(1):98-111.

Rachmah. (2021). Peningkatan Pengetahuan Dan Self-Efficacy Upaya Pencegahan Covid-

19 Melalui Edukasi Gizi Konvensional. Media Gizi Indonesia (National Nutrition

Journal). 16(3):273.

Rahayu, R. N., Sensusiyati. (2020). Analisis Berita Hoax Covid-19 Di Media Sosial Di

Indonesia. Intelektiva : Jurnal Ekonomi, Sosial & Humaniora. 1(9):61-63.

Ramadhan, A. (2021). Wamenkumham: Menolak Vaksinasi Covid-19 Bisa Dipidana. URL:

nasional.kompas.com. Accessed on November 15th, 2021.

Rayani, D., Purqoti, D. N. S. (2020). Kecemasan Keluarga Lansia Terhadap Berita Hoax

Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Realita. 5(1):908.

Sidiq U, C. M. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif di Bidang Pendidikan. Ponorogo: CV

Nata Karya.

Susilo, D., Putranto, T. D., Navarro, C. J. S. (2021). Performance of Indonesian Ministry of

Health in Overcoming Hoax About Vaccination Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic on

Social Media. Nyimak Journal of Communication. 5(1):151-166.

AoEJ: Academy of Education Journal

Vol. 13 No 2 Tahun 2022

223

Trustyanda, N. D., Rizki, C. R. A., Dhanurwendo, Q. O. S. (2021). Budaya Clickbait pada

Judul Berita di Era Digital 4.0. Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia. 6(9):4601-

4611.

Wicaksono, P. E. (2021). Kumpulan Hoaks Terbaru Seputar Vaksin Covid-19 yang Tidak

Perlu Dipercaya Lagi. Liputan6.com. Accessed on November 15th, 2021.